Thinking of Parkinson’s Disease as a Brain Injury

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by Dr. C |

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My clinical training is in helping people recover from brain injury. After receiving my Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis and reading that scientists believe the disease is linked to the destruction of dopamine-producing neurons, I began thinking of Parkinson’s as a brain injury.

While working with brain injury patients, I’d identify which damaged brain parts were amenable to recovery and how we could work around more damaged brain areas. It was always a team effort involving both the clinical team and the patient. Since 2014, I have been applying this brain rehabilitation view to my own struggles with Parkinson’s.

To design a brain rehabilitation plan for my PD, I needed a map to identify the brain areas where I was to apply this rehabilitation effort. It took me six years to draw, largely because I don’t fit neatly into the classic PD patient criteria. I presented this new map as the spectrum stage theory of Parkinson’s disease.

The spectrum stage theory allows me to construct a mental map of my PD, which reveals brain rehabilitation paths. For me, the two most useful components of my mental map are the existence of a second dopamine center — the insular cortex — and my ability to act in a conscious way that influences the insular cortex. These two ideas reframed my perceptions of Parkinson’s disease. Turning these two ideas into daily mindfulness practice further confirmed my belief in their significance.

The insular cortex is located right behind the frontal lobe of the brain. If you put on headphones that cover the ears, then the part of your brain on the front side of the headphones would be your frontal lobe. A large amount of our PD brain is connected to this damaged dopamine-producing area. Because of all of the frontal lobe connections, there are many workaround options for dealing with the damage. I have advocated not only for mindfulness but also conductor/exercise training, which is a symbiosis of mindfulness and long body movements.

Damage to the insular cortex accounts for many of the nonmotor symptoms experienced by PD patients, including me. I like to think of the insular cortex as the “felt self” filter. The felt self is the emotional content and homeostasis monitoring we bring to every experience and every memory of experience, and it is evaluated by how we feel about ourselves in the context of that experience.

Psychologists say we have a “stream of affect” that constantly runs in the background. It only pokes up above the filter of the insular cortex when the emotional signals are loud enough to draw attention. The problem with PD is that the filter is broken, and the stream of affect becomes a daily experience, leading to a change in the felt self.

One of the unanswered questions about Parkinson’s disease is why depression and anxiety develop in PD patients who never had a severe history of either. There must be something within the PD brain that contributes to the onset of these conditions. The spectrum stage theory provides a partial answer. Damage to the insular cortex causes a breakdown in the ability to filter emotional input, resulting in exaggerated signals coming into the brain, including exaggerated pain. But research suggests that the brain can be trained to strengthen the damaged filter.

I have surges of exaggerated emotion and high levels of pain every day. I believe the surges are due to insular cortex damage. I also believe that with daily exercise and meditation practice, these surges can be manageable. This is important because it may be a way to decrease the frequency of depression, anxiety, and levels of pain associated with Parkinson’s disease. I think the surges have a quality that is different than usual environmentally stimulated emotions.

If we can teach people to understand the surges and not be overwhelmed by feelings of depression and anxiety, then they can feel more empowered and able to see the disease from a fresh perspective. This then provides intrinsic motivation for continuing brain rehabilitation and building a new neural network to compensate for the PD brain damage.

In his book “Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know,” organizational psychologist Adam Grant writes, “Intelligence is traditionally viewed as the ability to think and learn. Yet in a turbulent world, there’s another set of cognitive skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink and unlearn.”

I believe PD patients can use this skill in their own brain rehabilitation, reducing the impact of emotions and pain, and resulting in an improved quality of life. It is based on good science, and it works for me.

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Note: Parkinson’s News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. The opinions expressed in this column are not those of Parkinson’s News Today or its parent company, BioNews, and are intended to spark discussion about issues pertaining to Parkinson’s disease.

Comments

Richard Priest avatar

Richard Priest

Interesting. I was diagnosed 6 years ago. My worst problems are severe joint pains and Lack of balance.Apart from the obvious lack of concentration and memory. Lost my sharpness.

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Dr. C avatar

Dr. C

Hello Richard ~ I too was diagnosed about 6 years ago. So far it seems to be the rigid type of Parkinson's and my balance, coordination and movement seems most impacted, other than the pain. I have reduced the amount of time I can spend doing many of my favorite hobbies and projects but I feel it is still important to do what I can. It just seems to take longer. It's a challenge to think about showing up every day to get one or two things accomplished. I appreciate your reading my columns and hope that some of my suggestions to manage PD resonate in your life.
compassionate blessings, Dr. C.

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Soora Padma Kumarasinghe avatar

Soora Padma Kumarasinghe

I am a Parkinson Patient. 74 years old. About 2 ears suffering from deseas. Always shivering my Right Hand and Leg. Taking some pils every day. I want know is there any medicines to recover completely

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Dr. C avatar

Dr. C

Hello Soora ~ Thank you for reading my column. I wish there was a cure for PD but until that day comes, I hope you continue to read my columns for my suggestions on how to manage the disease. I am a strong believer in mindfulness, taking each day to try to meditate and quiet down both body and mind. Many of the Eastern philosophies can augment the Western medicine. I don't think we can separate the two. I hope you are able to find a good neurologist to assist with the medical treatment and perhaps my columns can provide some points for living better with PD.
Compassionate blessings, Dr. C.

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Deborah Siegel avatar

Deborah Siegel

Thank you for your articles. I think I get the most useful information from them. I was diagnosed with Parkinson’s in 2012. My symptoms are very similar to yours in that they are primarily non-motor. I am interested in learning more about brain retraining. How do you map out what areas of the brain to focus on. I would appreciate any anyInformation you could provide regarding Neuro reprogramming or biofeedback. Thank you.

Deborah Siegel

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Roberta Walton avatar

Roberta Walton

Your column struck home with me since I've been attempting to find ways to deal with pronounced emotional lability. This article tapped into my recent preoccupations and exposed a way to look at mental changes of PD as being physically (and alterably) based in the mapping of the brain. The idea nurtures my hopeful sense of the possible influence I may have over my symptoms. I too believe in using mindfulness to dispel negative feelings and stress...and the power of the conscious mind to retrain itself. I find that my neurologist seems pleased when I make my own (unassisted) discoveries about my condition. I plan to share your comments with him at our next appointment. I intend to investigate your publications. Thank you.

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